Hybrid Gravitational–Firefly Algorithm-Based Load Frequency Control for Hydrothermal Two-Area System

The load frequency control (LFC) and tie-line power are the key deciding factors to evaluate performance of a multiarea system. In this paper, analysis two-area system is presented. This based on two metrics: LFC power. consists thermal plant generation hydro evaluated by designing proportional plus integral (PI) controller. hybrid gravitational search with firefly algorithm (hGFA) has been devised achieve proper tuning controller parameter. designed involves time absolute error (ITAE) as an objective function. For hydrothermal systems, correlated capacity load. Any deviation in causes variations frequencies, well Variations from nominal value may hamper operation adverse consequences. Hence, analyzed using simulations step change. To elucidate efficacy hGFA, compared some well-known optimization techniques, namely, particle swarm (PSO), genetic (GA), (GSA) (FA).